Classical hemodynamics regards the heart as the central pump that propels blood into the arteries, delivering nutrients to areas where continuous exchange between blood and tissues takes place. According to the classical concept, the capillaries remain inert and passive in this process, as does the entire venous system of circulation. 
   Medical researchers in the last century concluded that capillaries, through the action of precapillary sphincters, could independently propel blood, acting as microscopic hearts. This concept has been fully rejected by modern medical science. The following is a quotation from Zalmanov’s book.
   "Huchard As early as 1908, he established the importance of innumerable peripheral hearts. Rouget emphasized the muscular character of the cells that carry it Name. For Tinel, the Rouget cells are neuromuscular apparatus. Capillary contractions, rhythmic capillary systoles are indisputable for both Tinel and Clarke.
   Zweifach, according to Laborit, emphasizes The role of metaarteriole sphincters (strictly speaking, the term "precapillaries") would be more accurate). Evans gave a detailed description capillary sphincter in the human retina. The capillary as at its exit from the arteriole, and at the junction with the venule it narrows.
   In arterial loop of the capillary is a narrowing, this sphincter (I prefer the term "valve") can reduce blood consumption; in the venous loop The sphincter at the junction with the venule narrows and causes in the capillary stagnation and then expansion of the venous loop.
   Think of each capillary as a microheart with two halves – venous and arterial and with their respective valves and you will understand the great importance of these peripheral hearts for normal and pathological physiology.
   To neglect this phenomenon means neglect the crucial part of blood circulation. (Great names are quite often, alas, they cover up great ignorance)."

     "Diseases of the capillaries - capillaritis (Fahr) or capillaropathy (Zalmanov) - constitute the most important chapter of pathology. We are justified in affirming that they represent the very foundation of every pathological process; without the physiopathology of the capillaries, medicine remains confined to the surface of phenomena and is incapable of understanding either general pathology or special pathology."
                                                                                            A.Zalmanov